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grammar



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The present - the simple present

The present 7 In situations where you are discussing an existing state of affairs, you use a verb which is in the present tense. Usually, the verb tense is sufficient to indicate that you are referring to the present. You normally only use an a
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The spelling and pronunciation of possessives

The spelling and pronunciation of possessives R32 The use of the possessive form of names and other nouns is explained in Chapter 2 (2.180 to 2.192). R33 The possessive form of a name or other noun is usually formed by adding apostrophe s (
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The future - Indicating the future using 'will'

The future 52 It is not possible to talk with as much certainty about the future as it is about the present or the past. Any reference you make to future events is therefore usually an expression of  what  you think might happen or what you int
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Expanding the noun group: qualifiers

Expanding the noun group: qualifiers 289 This section deals with structures which can be used to qualify headwords; that is, structures which can be used after headwords to add further information about the person or thing referred to. These ar
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Modifying using nouns: noun modifiers

Modifying using nouns: noun modifiers Nouns can be used as modifiers in front of other nouns when you want to give more specific information about someone or something. Sometimes, when nouns are used like this they become fixed expressions w
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Focusing on clauses or clause elements using adjuncts

Focusing on clauses or clause elements using adjuncts Commenting on your statement: sentence adjuncts                56 There are many adjuncts that are used to indicate your attitude to what you are saying or to make your hearer have a parti
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Other uses of tenses - Vivid narrative

Other uses of tenses 63 So far in this chapter, we have dealt with the commonest and simplest uses of the various tenses. However, there are also some less common uses of tenses. Vivid narrative present tenses 64 Stories are normally told
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The noun - Introduction to the noun group

Introduction to the noun group 1.1 At its simplest, we use language to talk about people and things. We do this by using words in a variety of ways, for example to make statements, to ask questions, and to give orders. The words we choose are a
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Indicating how many participants are involved: transitivity

Indicating how many participants are involved: transitivity 2 In this grammar, transitivity is explained in relation to the clause as a whole. Many grammars deal with transitivity in terms of the way in which a verb selects objects. However, the
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Taking the focus off the subject: using impersonal 'it' - Talking about the weather and the time

Taking the focus off the subject: using impersonal 'it'                31 You often only want to mention one thing or fact in a clause. For example, you often want to focus on the type of information that is normally expressed by an adjective.
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Adjectives

Describing things: adjectives 2 When you want to give more information about something than you can give by using a noun alone, you can use an adjective to identify it or describe it in more detail. a new idea. new ideas. new
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Other information structures - Putting something first: fronting

Other information structures Putting something first: fronting                92 In English, the first element in a declarative clause is usually the subject of the verb. However, if you want to emphasize another element, you can put that fi
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Forming comparative and superlative adjectives

Forming comparative and superlative adjectives R20 Information on how to use the comparatives and superlatives of adjectives is given in Chapter 2 (2.108 to 2.127). R21 The comparative of an adjective is formed either by adding 'er' to the e
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Focusing on the thing affected: the passive voice

Focusing on the thing affected: the passive voice                8 Many actions involve two people or things-one that performs the action and one that is affected by the action. These actions are typically referred to using transitive verbs. Tr
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Referring to an exact number of things: numbers

Referring to an exact number of things: numbers 2.225 When you want to refer to an exact number of things, you use numbers such as 'two', 'thirty', and '777' which are called cardinal numbers, or sometimes cardinals. I'm going to ask you thi
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Referring back - Referring back in a specific way

Referring back 2 When you speak or write, you very often refer back to something that has already been mentioned or make a connection with it. pronouns 3 One common way of referring back to something is to use a personal pronoun such as 'she
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Reporting in your own words: report structures - Reporting statements and thoughts

Reporting in your own words: report structures 24 When you report what people have said using your own words rather than the words they actually used, you use a report structure. The woman said she had seen nothing. I replied that I had no
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Statements, questions, orders, and suggestions

Statements, questions, orders, and suggestions 2 Sentences can be used to do many different things. The most common use is to give information. I went to Glasgow University. Carol was one of my sister's best friends. Sometimes you u
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Negation - Forming negative statements

Negation Forming negative statements 43 When you want to say that something is not true, is not happening, or is not the case, you normally use a negative statement. Negative statements contain words like 'not', 'never', or 'nowhere'. They a
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Relative clauses - Using relative pronouns in defining clauses

Relative clauses When you mention someone or something in a sentence, you often want to give further information about them. One way to do this is to use a relative clause. You put relative clause immediately after the noun which refers to t
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