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Internetowy kurs dla zaawansowanych
Dzień Dobry
Dzisiejsza lekcja dzielić będzie podzielona na dwie części: teoria i praktyka. W części teoretycznej postaram się Państwu objaśnić wszystko, co mosliwe i dotyczące usywania TO DO, DO i DOING, to znaczy, kiedy usywamy Infinitive (to do), kiedy Bare Infinitive (do) a kiedy Gerund (doing). Postanowiłem napisać lekcje na temat konstrukcji gerundialnych w związku z licznymi emailami od Państwa. Wiele osób prosiło o poświęcenie uwagi właśnie na ten aspekt gramatyczny, co niniejszym czynię. Chciałbym jeszcze przypomnieć, is jeśli mają Państwo jakieś pytania lub propozycje lub o coś chcieliby Państwo zapytać, proszę, smiało pisać maila, zawsze postaramy się rozwiać wszelkie wątpliwości.
A więc zaczynajmy:
INFINITIVE OR GERUND?
FULL INFINITIVE czyli TO DO
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Kiedy usywamy? |
Przykłady |
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PO PEWNYCH CZASOWNIKACH advise - radzić afford – pozwalać sobie na coś agree – zgadzać się allow sb. – pozwalać komuś na coś appear – pojawiać się be allowed – miec pozwolenie na… compel - zmuszać decide - decydować encourage - zachęcać expect - oczekiwać hope – mieć nadzieje intend - zamierzać invite - zapraszać manage - zdołać pretend - udawać proceed – kontynuować, przystępować do promise - obiecywać refuse - odmawiać remind - przypominać seem – wydawac się tell - powiedzieć tend – uprawiać, mieć skłonnośc do etc. |
I advise you to do it You are not allowed to do it. She is expected to come here at 5 sharp. Don’t pretend to be ill! He promised to marry me. We refused him to take his dog with us. |
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Z PEWNYMI PRZYMIOTNIKAMI amazed - zdumiony angry - wściekły delighted - zachwycony difficult - trudny disgusted - zdegustowany easy - łatwy first - pierwszy glad - zadowolony happy - szczęśliwy last - ostatni likely - prawdopodobny obliged - zmuszony sad - smutny sorry - opłakany supposed - domniemany surprised - zaskoczony unable - niezdolny Etc. |
I am happy to see you. It is difficult to find a good job He was first to marry her. It is not likely to happen I was sad to say that. She was sorry to hear that. |
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W KONSTRUKCJACH BEZOSOBOWYCH Z PRZYMIOTNIKIEM |
It was nice of you to bring me the flowers |
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ZE SŁÓWKIEM “ONLY |
He came only to say Good Bye |
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NA POCZĄTKU ZDAŃ W NASTĘPUJĄCYCH ZWROTACH To tell you the truth – Prawdę mówiąc… To cut a long story short… - Mówiąc krótko… To be honest… - Szczerze mówiąc… So to speak – se tak powiem To be quite frank – Mówiąc szczerze To be sure – Z pewnością To say nothing of – Pomijając jus… To be brief – Krótko mówiąc To begin with – Po pierwsze |
To tell you truth Lucy, I don’t love you! To be honest, I don’t like him! |
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PO RZECZOWNIKACH |
It’s a pleasure to meet you. |
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PO SŁÓWKACH PYTAJĄCYCH Who Where What How When Why |
She does know how to sing it I don’t know what to do. |
BARE INFINITIVE czyli DO
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Z CZASOWNIKAMI MODALNYMI can could may might shall should must will would |
She must help you! You should do it better. I will do it for you |
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Z CZASOWNIKAMI NEED I DARE |
She needn’t study English I dare say that I don’t agree with you. |
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Z WYRAŻENIEMI had better would rather would sooner |
I had better let him go. I would sooner you didn’t kiss me. |
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Z CZASOWNIKAMI make let see hear smell feel watch notice |
I saw him do it. I saw them come in. |
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ORAZ PO WYRAŻENIU “WHY NOT”? |
Why not meet again? |
GERUND czyli DOING
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CZASOWNIKACH: detest dislike enjoy hate like loathe love prefer resent |
I hate cooking! I like swimming I love watching TV I prefer swimming to jogging |
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PO CZASOWNIKACH: begin cease continue finish start stop |
I stopped smoking many years ago Will you finish washing up? He will cease working at night. I started learning English 4 weeks ago. |
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W KONSTRUKCJACH: It’s no use It’s no good It’s not worth There’s no point in feel like can’t stand can’t help be used to get used to be accustomed to get accustomed to have difficulty in in favour of |
There is no point in waiting for her. I feel like going for a walk. I had difficulty in finding the way It’s no good watching TV too often. It’s not worth spending money here. |
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PO CZASOWNIKACH Admit - przynać Anticipate – przewidywać Appreciate - doceniać Avoid - unikać Consider - uwasać Defer – odraczać, wstrzymywać Delay - opóźniać Deny - zaprzeczać Detest - nienawidzić Endure - wytrzymywać Entail – pociagać za sobą Escape - uciekać Envisage - przewidywać Evade – uchylac się Fancy – podobac się, marzyć, wyobrasać sobie Forgive - zapominać Imagine – wyobrasać sobie Incur – ponosić, zaciągać Involve - obejmować Keep - trzymać Look forward to Mention – wspominać, nadmieniać Mind – mieć coś przeciwko Miss - tęsknić Pardon – ułaskawiać, wybaczać Postpone – przekładać, odkładać Practise - praktykować Prevent - powstrzymywać Recall - przywoływać Recollect - przypominać Report - raportować Risk - ryzykować Save - oszczędzać Shirk – wymigywac się Stand - wytrzymywać Suggest - sugerować Understand - rozumieć etc |
She avoids meeting me. I don’t mind smoking in public places! We are looking forward to seeing you again! We suggest climbing this mountain. |
CZASOWNIKI PO KTÓRYCH MOŻEMY UŻYĆ ZARÓWNO INFINITIVE LUB GERUND BEZ ZMIANY ZNACZENIA
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Begin, start, continue, cease, omit |
I continued reading that book I continued to read this book |
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Advise Allow Permit Recommend |
She will not allow listening to this kind of music. She will not allow to listen to this kind of music. |
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Can’t bear Couldn’t bear |
I can’t bear to listen what he is saying. I can’t bear listening to what he is saying. |
Ćwiczenie 1. Wstaw czasownik w nawiasie w odpowiedniej formie.
She went . (fish/to fish/fishing).
We didn’t hear them . (come/to come/coming) back. Maybe they are still in the town.
Sheila spent three weeks . (rest/to rest/resting) in Palma de Mallorca.
I heard the clock . (strike/to strike/striking) twelve.
I don’t enjoy . (go/to go/going) to the cinema.
They will be busy . (wash/to wash/washing) the dishes in the evening.
I saw her . (get/to get/getting) on the train and she went away.
Will you remind me . (call/to call/calling) me next week?
She ought . (pass/to pass/passing) this exam.
Did you allow him . (go/to go/going) with her?
I asked them . (stop/to stop/stopping) smoking!
He promised . (come/to come/coming) but he didn’t.
Can you manage . (lift/ to lift /lifting) this luggage?
I hate . (get/to get/getting) up early in winter.
It’s not worth . (invest/to invest/investing) in th East!
She would rather . (live/to live/living) in Warsaw with me.
I am not used . (jog/to jog/jogging) in winter.
Was it really difficult . (climb/climbing/to climb) that mountain?
. you the truth, I have never loved you! (tell/to tell/telling)
We decided . (move/moving/to move) to Lodz next month.
We are looking forward to . (seeing/see/to see) you soon!
She does not mind . (listen/listening/to listen) to loud music!
This aircraft is expected . (to come/come/coming) at 10 p.m.
. (being/be/to be) honest, she has never been to Moscow.
Her grandmother likes . (talk/talking/to talk) about her past. She always talks about it.
I intend (study/studying/to study) English
I cannot resist (eat/eating/to eat) fish and chips when I am in England.
She enjoys (go/going/to go) to parties and (dance/dancing/to dance) in discos all night long.
I am considering (go/going/to go) away on holiday over Easter.
He loves (garden/gardening/to garden) because it gives him a feeling of (do/doing/to do) something useful.
As you refuse (work/working/to work) on Sundays there is no point in (offer/offering/to offer) you overtime.
I don't want her (come/coming/to come) to dinner
I have spent a few minutes (watch/watching/to watch) those people across the road
You should think about (save/saving/to save) until you have enough money
You mustn't mind (take/taking/to take) trouble over the cooking if you want your guests (enjoy/enjoying/to enjoy) their meal.
It is worth (watch/watching/to watch) the news if you want (keep/keeping/to keep) up to date.
(Eat/eating/to eat) apples is better for you than (drink/drinking/to drink) fizzy orange juice.
I detest (hear/hearing/to hear) loud car radios even more than (listen/listening/to listen) to politicians rant and rave.
He was planning a holiday in the USA. (take/taking/to take)
Mr Williams has offered me French. (teach/teaching/to teach)
Are you not used to up so early? (get/getting/to get)
Do you happen the M.P. for Colchester? (know/knowiong/to know)
Why didn't you let the child ? (sleep/sleeping/to sleep)
Do you expect your friend Max at the party? (meet/meeting/to meet)
I suggest to the news. (listen/listening/to listen)
Miss Ferguson forgot her favourite programme on TV. (watch/watching/to watch)
When did it begin ? (rain/raining/to rain)
Who has suggested this car? (buy/buying/to buy)
I have got used to the newspaper daily. (read/reading/to read)
The children seemed the question. (understand/understanding/to understand)
Klucz
Ćw 1)
1) fishing 2) come 3) resting 4) strike 5) going 6) washing 7) get 8) to call 9) to pass 10) to go 11) to stop 12) to come 13) to lift 14) getting 15) investing 16) live 17) jogging 18) to climb 19) to tell 20) to move 21) seeing 22) listening 23) to come 24) to be 25) talking 26) to study 27) eating 28) going, dancing 29) going 30) gardening, doing 31) to work 32) to come 33) watching 34) saving 35) taking 36) watching, to keep 37) Eating, drinking 38) hearing, listening 39) to take 40) to teach 41) getting 42) to know 43) sleep 44) to meet 45) listening 46) to watch 47) raining 48) buying 49) reading 50) to understand
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