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R32 The use of the possessive form of names and other nouns is explained in Chapter 2 (2.180 to 2.192).
R33 The possessive form of a name or other noun is usually formed by adding apostrophe s ('s) to the end.
Ginny's mother didn't answer.
Howard came into the editor's office.
R34 If you are using a plural noun ending in 's' to refer to the possessor, you just add an apostrophe (').
I heard the girls' steps on the stairs.
The
Kirks go to publishers' parties in
However, if you are using an irregular plural noun which does not end in 's', you add apostrophe s ('s) to the end of it.
It would cost at least three policemen's salaries per year.
The Equal Pay Act has failed to bring women's earnings to the same level.
children's birthday parties.
R35 If something belongs to more than one person or thing whose names are linked by 'and', the apostrophe s ('s) is put after the second name.
Helen and Tim's apartment.
Colin and Mary's relationship.
The crowd met outside father and mother's house.
R36 If you want to say that two people or things each possess part of a group of things, both their names have apostrophe s ('s).
The puppy was a superb blend of his father's and mother's best qualities.
R37 When you are using a name which already ends in 's', you can simply add an apostrophe, for example 'St James' Palace', or you can add apostrophe s ('s), for example 'St James's Palace'. These spellings are pronounced differently. If you simply add an apostrophe, the pronunciation remains unaltered, whereas if you add apostrophe s ('s), the possessive is pronounced /ɪz
R38 Apostrophe s ('s) is pronounced differently in different words. It is pronounced
s/ after the sound /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/, or /
ɪz/ after the sound /s/, /z/, / /, or /
z/ after all other sounds.
R39 If you are using a compound noun, you add apostrophe s ('s) to the last item in the compound.
He went to his mother-in-law's house.
The parade assembled in the Detective Constable's room.
R40 Apostrophe s ('s) can be added to abbreviations and acronyms in the same way as to other words.
He will get a majority of MPs' votes in both rounds.
He found the BBC's output, on balance, superior to that of ITV.
The majority of NATO's members agreed.
R41 The uses of cardinal numbers, ordinal numbers, and fractions have been explained in Chapter 2 (2.225 to 2.266). The use of ordinals to express dates is explained in paragraph 8 Lists of numbers and details about how to say and write numbers and fractions are given below.
R42 Here is a list of cardinal numbers. The list shows the patterns of forming numbers greater than 20.
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zero, nought, nothing, oh one two three four five eight seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three twenty-four twenty-five |
twenty-six twenty-seven twenty-eight twenty-nine thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety a hundred a hundred and one a hundred and ten a hundred and twenty two hundred a thousand a thousand and one a thousand and ten two thousand ten thousand a hundred thousand a million two million a billion |
R43 When you say or write in words a number over 100, you put 'and' before the number expressed by the last two figures. For example, 203 is said or written 'two hundred and three' and 2840 is said or written 'two thousand, eight hundred and forty'.
Four hundred and eighteen men were killed and a hundred and seventeen wounded.
'And' is often omitted in American English.
one hundred fifty dollars.
R44 If you want to say or write in words a number between 1000 and 1,000,000, there are various ways of doing it. For example, the number '1872' can be said or written in words as
eighteen hundred and seventy two
one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two
one eight seven two
eighteen seventy-two
Note that you cannot use 'a' instead of 'one' for the second way.
The third way is often used to identify something such as a room number. With telephone numbers, you always say each figure separately like this.
The last way is use if the number is a date.
R45
Unlike some other languages, in English when number over 9999 are written in figures,
a comma is usually put after the fourth figure from the end, the seventh figure
from the end, and so on, dividing the figures into groups of three. For
example, 15,000 or 1,982,000. With numbers between 1000 and
When a number contains a full stop, the number or numbers after the full stop indicate a fraction. For example, 2.5 is the same as two and a half.
R46 Here is a list of ordinal numbers. The list shows the patterns of forming ordinal numbers greater than 20.
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1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th |
first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twenty twenty-first twenty-second twenty-third twenty-fourth twenty-fifth |
26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 40th 41st 50th 51st 60th 61st 70th 71st 80th 81st 90th 91st 100th 101st 200th 1000th 1,000,000th 1,000,000,000th |
twenty-sixth twenty-seventh twenty-eighth twenty-ninth thirtieth thirty-first fortieth forty-first fiftieth fifty-first sixtieth sixty-first seventieth seventy-first eightieth eighty-first ninetieth ninety-first hundredth hundred and first two hundredth thousandth millionth billionth |
R47 As shown in the above list, ordinals can be written in abbreviated form, for example in dates or heading or in very informal writing. You write the last two letters of the ordinal after the number expressed in figures. For example, 'first' can be written as '1st', 'twenty-second' as '22nd', 'hundred and third' as '103rd', and 'fourteenth' as '14th'.
on August 2nd.
the 1st Division of the Sovereign's Escort.
R48 You can write a fraction in figures, for example , , , and 2/3. These correspond to 'a half', 'a quarter', 'three-quarters', and 'two-thirds' respectively.
R49 Fractions are often given in a special form as a number of hundredths. This type of fraction is called a percentage. For example, 'three-hundredths', expressed as a percentage is 'three per cent'. It can also be written as 'three percent' or '3%'. 'A half' can be expressed as 'fifty per cent', 'fifty percent', or '50%'.
About 20 per cent of student accountants are women.
90 percent of most food is water.
Before 1960 45% of British trade was with the Commonwealth.
You can use percentages on their own as noun groups when it is clear what they refer to.
Ninety per cent were self employed.
interest at 10% per annum.
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