SUBSTANTIVUL in limba engleza

SUBSTANTIVUL

Formare:

a.       Substantive simple: boy, day, animal

b.      Substantive formate prin derivare cu sufixe sau prefixe: unhappiness, impossibility

c.       Substantive formate prin compunere: weekend, classroom, bedroom

d.      Substantive formate prin conversiune, din alte parti de vorbire:

adjective : the good= binele

verbe la infinitiv: fall= cadere

verbe la Gerund : reading

verbe la participiul trecut: the injured= cei raniti

e.       substantive formate prin contragere: fridge (refrigerator); lab (laboratory) ; pub (public house)

f.        abrevieri: Dr (doctor), Mr. (mister)

Numarul

Formarea pluralului:

pluralul regulat- prin adaugarea desinentei -s la forma de singular a substantivului : book-books, table- tables

substantivele terminate in -s, -ss, -z, -x, -ch, -sh    +es: bus-busses, glass-glasses, buzz-buzzes, box-boxes, watch-watches, brush-brushes

-unele substantive terminate in -s nu primesc marca de plural: barracks (baraca); headquartes (sediu); means (mijloc); series (serie); species (specie); works (uzina). Ex: this is an army barracks. These are army barracks. The bus is a means of transport. Busses are means of transport.

substantivele terminate in -o adauga desinenta -s numai in urmatoarele cazuri:

o       cand -o e precedat de o vocala: cuckoos, kangaroos, radios, scenarios, studios, zoos.

o       La substantivele proprii: Filipinos, Eskimos, Neros, Romeos

o       In abrevieri: kilos (kilogrammes), photos (photographs), pros (professionals)

o       La unele substantive straine: concertos, dynamos, solos, sopranos, tangos, tobaccos.

o       Adauga -es la substantive ca: echoes, heroes, negroes, mosquitoes, potatoes, tomatoes.

o       Au doua forme de plural: banjos/banjoes; buffalos/buffaloes, cargos/cargoes; momentos/momentoes; mottos/mottoes; volcanos/volcanoes; zeros/zeroes.

substantivele terminate in consoana + y transforma pe y in i si adauga -es: city-cities; factory-factories

transformarea nu are loc:

a)      dupa vocale: boy-boys; play-plays

b)      in substantive proprii: the Kennedys

c)      in substantive compuse: stand-bys

literele, numeralele si abrevierile formeaza pluralul prin adaugarea     unui apostrof si -s: A's; 1920's; MP's( members of parliament); sau direct, prin adaugarea unui -s: in the 1920s; the MPs; Mts (mountains); vols (volumes); lbs (pounds). Acesta forma este mai folosita.

pluralul substantivelor compuse se formeaza in general adaugand -s la ultimul element: classrooms; forget-me-nots, horse races (exceptii: mothers-in-law; passers-by)

-f final devine -ves; -fe devine -ves: calf-calves; elf-elves, half-halves, knife-knives, leaf-leaves; life-lives, loaf-loaves, self-selves, shelf-shelves, thief-thieves, wife-wives, wolf-wolves

Plural regulat:

a)      belief-beliefs

b)      chief-chiefs

c)      cliff-cliffs

d)      proof-proofs

e)      roof-roofs

f)       safe-safes

Forme duble:

g)      dwarf-dwarfs-dwarves

h)      handkerchief-handkerchiefs-handkerchieves

i)        hoof-hoofs-hooves

j)       scarf-scarfs-scarves

k)      wharf-wharfs-wharves (chei)

plural neregulat: man-men (si compusii lui man: postmen, Englishmen, etc); woman-women; foot-feet; goose-geese; tooth-teeth; mouse-mice; louse-lice, ox-oxen, child-children, brother-brethren (membru al unei societati religioase); die-dice

numele de nationalitati terminate in -ese nu primesc marca de plural: he is speaking to a Portuguese. The Portuguese live in Europe.

cateva animale nu primesc marca de plural: fish, sheep, deer, carp, salmon, trout.

plurale straine:

a)      -us -i : stimulus-stimuli, bacillus-bacilli

b)      -us -uses: bonuses, campuses, choruses, circuses,

c)      -us -ora: corpus-corpora

d)      -um -a: agendum-agenda; bacterium-bacteria, stratum-strata

e)      -um -ums: albums, gymnasiums, museums

f)       -is -es: analysis-analyses, ellipsis-ellipses, axis-axes, hypothesis-hypotheses; basis-bases, crisis-crises, paralysis-paralyses, diagnosis-diagnoses, parenthetis-parentheses, synthesis-syntheses, thesis-theses

g)      -a as: arenas, dilemmas, diplomas, dramas, encyclopedias, eras

h)      -a ae: larva-larvae

i)        -on -a: phenomenon-phenomena

j)       -on ons: demons, electrons, lexicons

k)      doua forme

Substantive nenumarabile (mass nouns)

-denumesc notiuni vazute ca intreg. Pot fi:

a)      concrete: sugar, coal

b)      abstracte: beauty, kindness, patriotism

A.    Substantive invariabile la singular

au numai forma de singular

Se acorda cu verbul la singular

a)      substantive concrete: bread, butter, chalk, food, gold, jam, silver, etc

b)     substantive abstracte: advice, information, knowledge, nonsense, etc

c)      cateva substantive terminate in -s:

news (stiri, vesti): here is the 9 o'clock news= acestea sunt stirile de la ora 9.

Nume de boli: measles (pojar), mumps (oreion), rickets (rahitism) : measles is a catching disease.

Nume de stiinte si obiecte de studiu terminate in -ics: acoustics, aesthetics, cybernetics, economics, electronics, linguistics, phonetics, physics, athletics, ethics, gymnastics, politics: acoustics is the science of sound.

Nume de jocuri: billiards, bowls, cards, darts, dominoes, draughts, marbles, ninepins, skittles: dominoes is a game for children dar: a billiard-table, a bowling-alley, a dart-board, a drought-board

Unele substantive proprii: Athens, Brussels, Naples, Wales, the Thames

d)     Adjectivele abstracte substantivizate: the beautiful, the sublime, the good, the evil: in fairy stories the good always wins.

B.     Substantivele invariabile la plural

au numai forma de plural

se acorda cu un verb la plural

a)      substantive care denumesc obiecte formate din doua parti egale (summation plurals). Pot denumi:

unelte: binoculars, compasses, glasses, pincers(cleste), pliers(patent), scales(balanta), scissors, spectacles, tongs(cleste): where are the scissors?= unde este foarfeca?

Articole de imbracaminte: braces(bretele), clothes, flannels, jeans, overalls(salopeta), pants, pyjamas, shorts, trousers: these trousers are too long for you

b)     Unele substantive proprii: the Alps, the USA, the Netherlands.

c)      Substantive nemarcate la plural: cattle, clergy, gentry, people, police, vermin, youth, family

The people are on the street. The cattle are in the field.

Atentie: peoples=popoare

The family are all at home. The families gathered at the meeting.

d)     Alte substantive folosite numai la plural (pluralia tantum) terminate de regula in -s:

genul substantivelor

feminine

substantivele care sugereaza o caracteristica feminina, un caracter bland, afectuos: affection, devotion, faith, hope, justice

substantivele care denumesc trasaturi negative de caracter: ambition, folly, jealousy, revenge, vanity

substantive abstracte ca: fortune, liberty, mercy, nature, peace, science.

MASCULINE

substantivele nume de animale mari: horse, elephant

substantivele ce denumesc pasiuni intense si actiuni violente: anger, fear, murder, terror

fenomene naturale puternice: ocean, river, sun, thunder, wind, death

nume de fluvii: the Danube, the Thames

nume de munti: the Carpathians, the Cheviot

NEUTRE

substantive nume de animale mici: frog, fish

substantive nume de obiecte: umbrella, table, book, etc.

Reguli de formare a femininului:

cuvinte diferite

cu ajutorul unor cuvinte la care genul este marcat: he/she, male/female, etc:

prin adaugarea unui sufix

la forma de masculin:

a.      -ess

b.      -ine : hero-heroine

la forma de feminin:

a.       -er: widow-widower

b.      -groom: bride- bridegroom (man who has just got married)

exista substantive care au o singura forma atat pentru masculin cat si pentru feminin. Ele apartin genului comun.

Artist, cook, cousin, doctor, friend, inhabitant, musician, neighbour, novelist, parent, professor, person, pupil, relative, speaker, student, teacher, writer, etc.

I have a new girl-friend.

Our new teacher is very nice. She always dresses in black.

My neighbour is pregnant.

### Pentru unele animale, exista un termen generic, nemarcat d.p.d.v. al genului, care are alte doua forme pentru masculin si feminin. Vezi tablelul de la 1 (cuvintele bolduite)

Care e femininul si care e masculinul?

Cazul substantivelor

Cazul nominativ

The boy is waiting for his friend.

Cazul acuzativ

I ate an icecream an hour ago. I asked him a question.

* acuzativul intern: sing a song, fight a fight, atc

*marcat de prepozitii: I'm looking at John. The boys were talking about the match.

Cazul    dativ

arata catre cine sau catre ce este indreptata actiunea exprimata de verb (CI)

marcat de prepozitia to sau for

a)      dupa verb tranzitiv + CD + to + CI: deny, give, lend, offer, pay, read, tell, throw, write, wish : I paid the money to the shop assistant. I'm writing a postcard to my friend. Dar: I paid the shop assistant the money. I'm writing my friend a postcard.

b)      Indiferent de ordinea CI-CD, cu prepozitia To: address, announce, communicate, describe, explain, introduce, mention, relate, repeat: I introduced him to my friend

c)      Dupa verb tranzitiv + CD + for +CI: buy, choose, do, leave, make, order, reserve, save, spare: She made a new dress for her daughter.

Cazul genitiv

exprima ideea de posesiune; functie de atribut.

Genitivul sintetic

Anna's bag is new.

'S

la forma de singular a substantivului: the girl's dress, the pupil's question

la cateva substantive cu forma neregulata de plural: Men's clothers are more expensive than women's. We keep the children's toys here.

la forma de plural a substantivelor regulate: the boys' bicycles; the drivers' attention.

La substantive nume de persoane terminate in -s: Dickens' life, Charles' novels.

*** in grupurile de cuvinte, marca de genitiv se adauga la ultimul cuvant: my sister-in-law's job, Henry the VIII's court

*** doi posesori ai aceluiasi obiect: Tom and Mary's parents (Tom si Mary sunt frati)

***daca obiectul nu apartine amandurora: Tom's and Mary's parents (Tom si Mary nu sunt frati)

Folosirea genitivului sintetic

a.       cu nume proprii: Tom's car

b.      cu substantive care desemneaza persoane: the boy's new shirt

c.       cu substantive colective: the nation's security

d.      cu substantive care denumesc animale mari: the lion's roar

e.       cu denumiri geografice si ale unor institutii: Europe's future, the school's programme

f.        cu substantive care denumesc unitati de timp, spatiu, masura: today's work, a mile's distance, a pound's weight, yesterday's newspaper, in two years' time

g.      cu cateva substantive comune urmate de cuvantul sake: for pity's sake, for mercy's sake, for order's sake, art for art's sake

h.      substantive (abstracte) care prin personificare au genul feminin sau masculin: truth's victory, the ocean's roar

i.        unele pronume nehotarate ca: another, either, neither, one si compusii lui some, any, no, every si adverbul else: somebody's advice, nobody's fault, another's claim

j.        in unele expresii: a needle's eye, her heart's desire, the journey's end, at a stone's throw, to my heart's content

k.      cand substantivul determinat este omis: St Paul's (Cathedral) is in London. I bought this bag at Selfridge's (store)

genitivul analitic- cu of

Se foloseste cu:

a.       substantive nume de obiecte: the title of the book

b.      denumiri geografice urmate de nume: the City of London, the Gulf of Mexico.

c.       Cand dorim sa subliniem numele propriu: the sonnets of William Shakespeare.

d.      Cu substantive care desemneaza persoane, daca substantivul determinat e precedat de articol nehotarat: I am a great admirer of this writer.

e.       Pentru intarire: the arrival of his grandfather surprised him (not the arrival of his father)

f.        Cu nume de animale mici: the tail of the mouse, the wings of the butterfly.

genitivul implicit

-lipseste marca de genitiv: the audience participation, student hostel, afternoon tea

genitivul dublu

Genitivul sintetic+ genitivul analitic- cu substantive nume de persoane : this joke of Peter's.

A description of Eliade= o descriere a lui Eliade facuta de altcineva

A description of Eliade's= o descriere facuta de Eliade