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Priorities

Priorities The priority of a thread tells the scheduler how important this thread is. If there are a number of threads blocked and waiting to be run, the scheduler will run the one with the highest priority first. However, this doesn’t mean tha
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Arrays are first-class objects

Arrays are first-class objects Regardless of what type of array you’re working with, the array identifier is actually a handle to a true object that’s created on the heap. The heap object can be created either implicitly, as part of the array i
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Distinguishing overloaded methods

Distinguishing overloaded methods If the methods have the same name, how can Java know which method you mean? There’s a simple rule: Each overloaded method must take a unique list of argument types. If you think about this for a second, it ma
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What is finalize( ) for

What is finalize( ) for? You might believe at this point that you should not use finalize( ) as a general-purpose cleanup method. What good is it? A third point to remember is: Garbage collection is only about memory. That i
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Reflection: run-time class information

Reflection: run-time class information If you don’t know the precise type of an object, RTTI will tell you. However, there’s a limitation: the type must be known at compile time in order for you to be able to detect it using RTTI and do somet
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Creating your own exceptions

Creating your own exceptions You’re not stuck using the Java exceptions. This is important because you’ll often need to create your own exceptions to denote a special error that your library is capable of creating, but which was not foreseen wh
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Runnable revisited

Runnable revisited Earlier in this chapter, I suggested that you think carefully before making an applet or main Frame as an implementation of Runnable. If you take that approach, you can make only one of those threads in your program. This lim
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Controlling layout: FlowLayout, GridLayout

Controlling layout The way that you place components on a form in Java is probably different from any other GUI system you’ve used. First, it’s all code; there are no “resources” that control placement of components. Second, the way components
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Typical uses of IO streams: Input streams

Typical uses of IO streams Although there are a lot of IO stream classes in the library that can be combined in many different ways, there are just a few ways that you’ll probably end up using them. However, they require attention to get the c
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List boxes

List boxes List boxes are significantly different from Choice boxes, and not just in appearance. While a Choice box drops down when you activate it, a List occupies some fixed number of lines on a screen all the time and doesn’t change. In add
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Java 1.1 UI APIs: Desktop colors

Java 1.1 UI APIs Java 1.1 has also added some important new functionality, including focus traversal, desktop color access, printing “inside the sandbox,” and the beginnings of clipboard support. Focus traversal is quite easy, since it’s tra
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The Microsoft way: J/Direct

The Microsoft way At the time of this writing, Microsoft does not support JNI, but provides proprietary support to call non-Java code. This support is built into the compiler, the Microsoft JVM, and external tools. The features described in thi
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Using Sets

Using Sets Set has exactly the same interface as Collection, so there isn’t any extra functionality as there is with the two different Lists. Instead, the Set is exactly a Collection, it just has different behavior. (This is the ideal use of in
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Enumerators (iterators)

Enumerators (iterators) In any collection class, you must have a way to put things in and a way to get things out. After all, that’s the primary job of a collection – to hold things. In the Vector, addElement( ) is the way that you insert
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Multiple dispatching

Multiple dispatching The above design is certainly satisfactory. Adding new types to the system consists of adding or modifying distinct classes without causing code changes to be propagated throughout the system. In addition, RTTI is not “misu
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Creating unique package names

Creating unique package names You might observe that, since a package never really gets “packaged” into a single file, a package could be made up of many .class files, and things could get a bit cluttered. To prevent this, a logical thing to do
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Java/COM integration

Java/COM integration COM (formerly known as OLE) is the Microsoft Component Object Model, the foundation of all ActiveX technologies. These include ActiveX Controls, Automation, and ActiveX Documents. But COM is much more; it’s a specification
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Labels

Labels A Label does exactly what it sounds like it should: places a label on the form. This is particularly important for text fields and text areas that don’t have labels of their own, and can also be useful if you simply want to place textual
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“Multiple inheritance” in Java

“Multiple inheritance” in Java The interface isn’t simply a “more pure” form of abstract class. It has a higher purpose than that. Because an interface has no implementation at all – that is, there is no storage associated with an interface – t
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A compendium of operators

A compendium of operators The following example shows which primitive data types can be used with particular operators. Basically, it is the same example repeated over and over, but using different primitive data types. The file will compile wi
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