Verbul. Notiuni introductive.

Verbul exprima ideea existentei sau a actiunii intr-o propozitie.
Ex.: I am a student.
  The students passed all their courses.

1. Cele 4 forme verbale

Terminatiile formelor din limba engleza sunt foarte usor de tinut minte. Exista 4 forme verbale de baza. Limba engleza formeaza timpurile verbale cu ajutorul verbelor auxiliare, spre deosebire de limba romana, unde timpurile verbale se formeaza cu ajutorul desinentelor. De remarcat ca in limba engleza nu exista o forma verbala speciala pentru viitor.

Cele 4 forme verbale de baza sunt importante deoarece cu aceste forme si cu ajutorul verbelor auxiliare se formeaza timpurile in limba engleza:

Cele mai frecvent folosite verbe neregulate

Urmatorul tabel reproducele cele mai frecvente verbe neregulate in patru forme verbale reprezentative:

• Forma de baza, adica infinitivul: to fly
• Persoana III singular a timpului prezent: he flies
• Persoana III singular a trecutului: he flew
• Participiul trecut: he has flown

2. Verbele auxiliare - be, have, do

Verbele auxiliare be, have, do se utilizeaza in formarea timpurilor verbale, a formelor negative si interogative.
Ex.: He is planning to get married soon.
  I haven't seen Peter since last night.

Be, ca auxiliar, este folosit pentru a forma aspectul continuu, in combinatie cu participiul prezent.
Ex.: He is living in Germany.

Be, impreuna cu participiul trecut formeaza diateza pasiva
Ex.: These cars are made in Japan.

Have in combinatie cu participiul trecut formeaza timpurile perfecte.
Ex.: I have changed my mind.
  I wish you had met Guy.

Prezentul perfect continuu, trecutul perfect continuu sunt formate cu ambele auxiliare be si have:
Ex.: He has been working very hard recently.
  She did not know how long she had been lying there.

Be si have se folosesc de asemenea ca auxiliare pentru a forma propozitii negative si interogative cu timpurile continue si perfecte.
Ex.: He isn't going.
  Hasn't she seen it yet?

Auxiliarul do se foloseste pentru a forma negativul si interogativul prezentului sau trecutului simplu.
Ex.: He doesn't think he can come to the party.
  Do you like her new haircut?

Auxiliarul do se poate folosi cu verbe principale: do, have.
Ex.: He didn't do his homework.
  He doesn't have any money.

In propozitii afirmative, do se foloseste doar pentru evidentiere sau contrast.
Ex.: I do feel sorry for Roger.

Nu se foloseste niciodata auxiliarul do cu verbul to be. Singura exceptie este imperativul: Don't be stupid! Do be a god boy and sit still!

3. Modul

Modul verbal se refera la una dintre cele trei atitudini pe care le poate avea un vorbitor fata de continutul mesajului exprimat.

Modul indicativ, prezent in majoritatea frazelor de pe aceasta pagina, se foloseste pentru a face o afirmatie sau a pune o intrebare.

Modul imperativ se foloseste pentru a da instructiuni, ordine, directive, sugestii cu caracter pronuntat.
Ex.: Get your homework done before you watch television tonight.
Please include cash payment with your order form. Get out of town!
Se observa ca nu exista nici un subiect in aceste propozitii. Pronumele you (singular sau plural) este subiectul implicit al propozitiilor imperative. Majoritatea propozitiilor imperative vor avea deci subiectul la persoana II.
Exceptie: constructie imperativa care include un subiect la persoana I
Ex.: Let's (or Let us) work on these things together.

Modul subjonctiv se foloseste in propozitiile subordonate in urmatoarele scopuri:

1. expresia unei dorinte;
2. fraze conditionale care incep cu if si exprima o conditie ireala
3. fraze introduse prin as if sau as though si descriu speculatii sau conditii ireale
4. fraze introduse prin that si care exprima cereri, sugestii, solicitari.

Ex.: She wishes her boyfriend were here.
  If Juan were more aggressive, he'd be a better hockey player.
  We would have passed if we had studied harder.
  He acted as if he were guilty.
  I requested that he be present at the hearing.

Subjonctivul nu este un mod important in limba engleza cum este in alte limbi, de exemplu in franceza sau spaniola. In multe situatii care in alte limbi cer subjonctivul, in limba engleza sunt folosite formele numeroaselor verbe auxiliarele.

4. Verbele frazale

O alta particularitate a limbii engleze o reprezinta verbele frazale. Verbele frazale sunt formate dintr-un verb si un alt cuvant, de obicei o prepozitie. Ele au luat nastere in vorbirea de zi cu zi.

Verbele frazale au sensuri mai greu de ghicit la prima vedere si pot avea mai multe astfel de intelesuri, de multe ori diferite. Te exemplu, to come out are 18 intelesuri diferite!

Verbele pot fi combinate cu propozitii sau alte cuvinte pentru a obtine noi entitati.
Ex.: stand out, stand up, stand in, stand off, stand by, stand fast, stand pat, stand down, stand against, stand for.

Mai mult, verbul si prepozitia sa par a nu avea nici o legatura in contextul respectiv
Ex.: Fill this out! Fill out this form. (a completa un formular)
  Three masked gunmen held up the Security Bank this afternoon. (a jefui)
  You left out the part about the police chase down Asylum Avenue. (a omite)
  The lawyers looked over the papers carefully before questioning the witness. (a examina)

O lista sumara a celor mai folosite verbe frazale, insotite de o scurta explicatie si un exemplu, poate fi gasita la: https://webster.commnet.edu/grammar/phrasals.htm.

1. Completeaza cu be sau have la formele verbale potrivite Swans ___ large birds - almost 4 feet tall. They ___ log necks. Some swans ___ very tame. They often come near people for food. Females usually ____ about six babies which are called cygnets. Cygnets ___ grey in colour and ___ very small wings but when they are fully grown they ___ large and strong wings and ___ white in colour. Swans can live to be 40. 2. Completeaza verbele frazale in propozitiile de mai jos: hung up, came to, catch on, eat out, put on, talk over, get by, turned down, find out, show up He tried to ____ his jacket before his tie was tied. My family was able to ____on very little money when I was young. The detective vowed to ____ who the murderer was before the case went to trial. Whenever we get tired of cooking, we ___ at our favorite Italian restaurant. Carlos ____ on his sister because he was so tired of listening to her whining on the phone. Tashonda was astonished that she was ___ for the counselor's position. The committee promised that the celebrity would ______ at the big event. When he ___, his wallet and bike were nowhere to be found. Professor Farbman promised to ___ the exam after she returned the results. Terri was able to ___ to the most complex problems in calculus before anyone else.

Timpurile verbale: prezentul simplu si continuu

Este foarte important sa intelegem utilizarea si sensul timpurilor in limba engleza. Multe dintre aceste forme verbale nu au corespondent in limba romana. Mai mult, sensul exprimat de formele verbale in limba engleza nu corespunde intotdeauna cu cel utilizat in limba romana.

1. Clasificarea timpurilor verbale

1.1. in functie de timp:

Prezentul
1. Prezentul simplu
2. Prezentul continuu
3. Prezent perfect
4. Prezent perfect continuu
Trecutul
5. Trecut simplu
Trecut continuu
Trecut perfect
8. Trecut perfect continuu
Viitorul
9. Viitorul simplu
10. Viitorul continuu
11. Viitorul perfect
12. Viitorul perfect continuu

1. PREZENTUL SIMPLU

1.1. Forma
Prezentul simplu are forma de baza a verbului (write, work).
La persoana a III-a sg., forma de baza + -s (he writes, she works).
Ex.: I play, you play, we play, they play
  He plays, she plays, it plays

Forma negativa se formeaza cu auxiliarul do:
Ex.: I do not drink tea.
  She/he does not play football.

Forma interogativa
Ex.: Do you work here?
  Does she/he sing beautifully?

Forma prezentului simplu pentru you, persoana a II-a singular si plural, este identica. Persoana a III-a singular a prezentului simplu adauga -s la sfarsit!

1.2. Functii
Actiuni obisnuite, care se intampla in prezent sau in mod regulat, dar nu neaparat in momentul exact al vorbirii:
Ex.: Mina plays tennis every weekend.
  The Post office opens at 9:45.

Adevaruri sau realitati general acceptate:
Ex.: Some vegetarians eat fish but they do not eat meat.
  Winds carry weather balloons around the earth at the height of 24 kilometers.

Expresia opiniilor
Ex.: I think Spain is beautiful.
  They believe everything they read.

Expresie a preferintelor
Ex.: Lisette likes cats and dogs, but she prefers cats.
  Jim prefers maths to languages.

Se foloseste pentru a exprima asa numitul prezent istoric, facand astfel referire la actiuni care s-au intamplat de fapt in trecut.
Ex.: We were watching the back door when, all of a sudden, in walks Dierdre.
  Dierdre tells me that she took her brother to the dentist.

Prezentul simplu poate avea valenta de viitor mai ales cu verbe ca: arrive, come, leave care sugereaza evenimente planuite sau programate
Ex.: The train from Boston arrives this afternoon at two o'clock.
  High tide is at 3:15 p.m. The Super Bowl starts at 6:15 p.m.

Expresii care semnaleaza frecvent actiunile obisnuite exprimate prin prezentul simplu:
all the time, always, every classe, every day, every holiday, every hour, every month, every semester, every week, every year, most of the time, never, often, rarely, sometimes, usually

1.3. Conjugare

Exemple:
  I walk to work every day.
  The Chicago Bulls sometimes practice in this gymnasium.
  Dr. Espinoza operates according to her own schedule.
  Coach Calhoun recruits from countries outside the U.S.A.

2. PREZENTUL CONTINUU

2.1. Forma
Acest timp se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar to be la prezent + forma de baza a verbului + -ing (participiu prezent).
Ex.: I am buying all my family's Christmas gifts early this year.
  She is working through the holiday break.

Forma negativa - se adauga not dupa forma de prezent simplu a auxiliarului to be.
Ex.: It is not raining.

Forma interogativa se obtine prin inversiunea auxiliarului to be cu subiectul
Ex.: Are they playing?
  Is he eating?

2.2. Functii
Prezentul continuu indica: o actiune care se afla in plina desfasurare in momentul vorbirii.
Ex.: The phone is ringing. I can't answer it. I'm washing my hair.
  It's raining so they have to stop the game.

O actiune care se afla in desfasurare in perioada prezenta, dar care poate nu se intampla concomitent cu momentul vorbirii.
Ex.: They are writing a new book.
  She's studying English at the Language Center.

Descrie o tendinta sau actiune care a debutat recent
Ex.: More and more people are starting to play golf in Malaysia.

Pentru a desemna o actiune care este planificata pentru viitor
Ex.: To meet the demand for English language courses, they are planning to expand.
  Mohan is leaving for London next week.

2.3. Verbele dinamice si statice
In general, numai anumite verbe pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu si acestea se numesc verbe dinamice.
Aspectul continuu al unui verb arata ca o actiune este, era sau va fi in desfasurare. Formele verbale progresive (aspectul continuu) se folosesc numai in cazul verbelor dinamice, de miscare, care exprima calitati capabile de schimbare.
Nu se spune 'He is being tall' sau 'He is resembling his mother' sau 'I am wanting spaghetti for dinner'
ci vom spune: 'He is tall', 'He resembles his mother', 'I want spaghetti'.
Tabelul urmator descrie in detaliu diferentele dintre verbele statice si cele dinamice:

VERBE DINAMICE
Verbe care exprima o activitate:
abandon, ask, beg, call, drink, eat, help, learn, listen, look at, play, rain, read, say, slice, throw, whisper, work, write

Ex.: I am begging you. I was learning French. They will be playing upstairs.

Sensul este identic cu cel al formelor simple:
Ex.: I beg you. I learned French. They will play upstairs.

Verbe care exprima procese
change, deteriorate, growmature, slow down, widen

Ex.: The corn is growing rapidly. Traffic is slowing down.
Sensul este identic cu cel al formelor simple
Ex.: The corn grows rapidly. Traffic slows down.

Verbe de perceptii senzoriale
ache, feel, hurt, itch

Ex.: 'I feel bad' si 'I am feeling bad' au acelasi sens in acest caz.

Verbe care exprima actiuni tranzitive:
arrive, die, fall, land, leave, lose

Formele continue indica inceputul actiunii pe cand formele temporale simple, din contra.
Ex.: She was falling out of bed (when I caught her).
  She falls out of bed every night.

Verbe exprimand actiuni momentane:
hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap
Formele continue indica durata scurta si sugereaza repetitia.
Ex.: She is hitting her brother.
  He is jumping around the house.

VERBE STATICE
Verbe de perceptie, senzatie, activitate mentala:
abhor, adore, astonish, believe, desire, detest, dislike, doubt, feel, forgive, guess, hate, hear, imagine, impress, intend, know, like, love, mean, mind, perceive, please, prefer, presuppose, realize, recall, recognize, regard, remember, satisfy, see, smell, suppose, taste, think, understand, want, wish

Ex.: I detest rudabaga, si nu I am detesting rudabaga.
  I prefer cinnamon toast, si nu I am preferring cinnamon toast.

Verbe de relatie si posesie
be, belong to, concern, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve, equal, fit, have, include, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, own, possess, require, resemble, seem, sound

Ex.: I am sick, si nu I am being sick.
  I own ten acres of land, si nu I am owning ten acres.
  My brother owes me ten dollars si nu My brother is owing me ten dollars.

Verbul to have nu se foloseste niciodata in aspectul continuu atunci cand are sensul de 'a suferi de':
  I have flu. He has a fever.

Se foloseste la aspectul continuu atunci cand are intelesul de 'a angaja pe cineva pentru o actiune':
  I'm having my hair done on Wednesday.
  They're having the house painted.

Have se foloseste la aspectul continuu atunci cand are sensul de 'experienta':
  I'm having a lot of problems with this task.
  They're having trouble selling their house.

2.4. Conjugare

Timpurile trecutului si viitorului

3. Trecutul simplu

3.1. Forma

Verbele regulate formeaza trecutul simplu prin adaugarea la forma de baza a verbului +-ed.
Ex.: scream > screamed, work > worked

Verbele neregulate au forme proprii de trecut.
Ex.: sleep > slept, drink > drank

Forma negativa se compune cu ajutorul auxiliarului to do, conjugat la trecut (did) + not in fata verbului principal. Did + not se folosesc des in forma contrasa didn't.
Ex.: I did not jump over.
  She didn't finish the work.

Forma interogativa se formeaza prin inversiunea dintre auxiliarul did si subiect
Ex.:   Did you want it?
Did it rain there?

3.2. Functii

Trecutul simplu se foloseste pentru a exprima fapte si realitati din trecut
Ex.: In the past people believed that the earth was flat.

Descrie un eveniment sau actiune incheiata petrecuta in trecut
Ex.: John Loud invented the ballpoint pen in 1888.

Pentru a descrie starea, conditia sau obiceiuri din trecut
Ex.: I went to school by bus when I was a child.

3.3. Conjugare

Exemple: When I was a girl, I walked five miles to school every day.
  Carmelita slept through the entire class.
  We worked really hard to make this a success, but then Chuck ruined it with his carelessness.
  Every time I finished a sandcastle, the waves came in and washed it away.
  Tarzan dove into the swamp and swam toward the alligator.

Trecutul continuu

4.1. Forma

Trecutul continuu se formeaza cu ajutorul formei de trecut simplu a auxiliarului to be, was/were + forma participiului prezent (-ing) a verbului principal.
Ex.: I was singing.
  You were talking.

Negativul
Ex.: You were not / weren't singing.
  She was not / wasn't reading.

Interogativul
Ex.: Was I speaking clearly?
  Were they playing the flute?

4.2. Functii

Trecutul continuu ca si prezentul continuu sunt forme verbale apartinand registrului oral, limbii vorbite cu precadere si sunt rar folosite in registrul scris.

Trecutul continuu este folosit pentru a exprima actiuni in desfasurare intr-un moment din trecut. Deoarece indica o limita a duratei actiunii este foarte folosit pentru a indica actiuni care au avut loc (trecut simplu) in timp ce o alta actiune era in desfasurare, sau pentru a indica o actiune in desfasurare care este intrerupta de o alta.
Ex.: Carlos lost his watch while he was running.
  I was watching Oprah when John came in screaming.

Exprima activitati din trecut
Ex.: Once I was driving through Kenya with a friend.

Pentru a vorbi despre obiceiuri din trecut. Trecutul continuu este insotit in acest caz de always.
Ex.: Grace was always handing in late papers.
  My father was always lecturing my brother.

In general, numai anumite verbe pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu si acestea se numesc verbe dinamice. (vezi: 2.3. Verbe dinamice si verbe statice.)

4.3. Conjugare

Exemple: Dad was working in his garden all morning.
  During the mid-50s, real estate speculators were buying all the swampland in Central Florida, and innocent people were investing all their money in bogus development projects.
  Was he being good to you?

5. Viitorul

In mod paradoxal, limba engleza nu are o forma ca atare a viitorului, dar idee de viitor se poate exprima in nenumarate moduri.

• Will/ shall + infinitiv : He will be here at 5 o'clock.
• Be going to + infinitiv : She's going to buy a new computer.
• Prezentul continuu : The British Council is moving to a new building next year.
• Prezentul simplu : The train leaves at 7:15.

5.1. Forma

Cea mai frecvent folosita modalitate de a exprima o actiune viitoare este cu ajutorul lui will/ shall sau a formei contractate a acestora 'll.
Ex.: She will leave soon.
  We shall overcome.

In engleza moderna forma shall este foarte putin utilizata. Cea mai des folosita in Engleza vorbita si scrisa in registrul informal este forma 'll.

Negativul
Ex.: I will not / won't finish.

Interogativul
Ex.: Will you catch the ball?

5.2. Functii

Viitorul exprima preziceri ale actiunilo viitoare sau interogatii despre viitor.
Ex.: Computer technology will influence our future.

Decizii care tocmai s-au luat si care nu au fost planuite.
Ex.: I'll finish this report tomorrow.

Face promisiuni
Ex.: I'll phone you tomorrow.

Invita pe cineva la un eveniment, actiune
Ex.: Will you come to my house on Sunday?

Expresii
To be about to = a fi pe punctul sa
Ex.: He is about to die.
To be + infinitiv = exprima ideea unor planuri pentru viitor, ordine sau conditii.
Ex.: There is to be an investigation into the mayor's business affairs.
  You are to be back on the base by midnight.

5.3. Conjugare

Exemple: We will be victorious!
  We shall overcome.
  We are going to win this race.
  The bus arrives at three this afternoon.
  The boss is announcing his retirement at today's meeting.

Viitorul continuu

Will + be + participiul prezent (-ing) al verbului

Viitorul continuu indica o actiune continua, care va avea loc si se va desfasura la un moment dat din viitor.
Ex.: I will be running in next year's Boston Marathon.
  Our campaign plans suggest that the President will be winning the southern vote by November.
  By this time tomorrow night, I will be sleeping in my own bed.
  Next fall, we will be enjoying all the vegetables we planted last spring.
  Will we be spending too much money if we buy that big-screen TV?

Completeaza cu forma corecta de trecut a verbelor din paranteze: In 1929 the American astronomer Edwin Hubble _____ (make) a surprising discovery. He _____ (find) that all the galaxies were moving away from us and from each other very fast. This _____ (mean) that the whole universe was expanding like a balloon being blown up. He _______ (demonstrate) this with a balloon. He _____ (paint) spots on the balloon to represent the galaxies and then _____ (blow) it up. The spots _____ (grow) farther and farther apart. Completeaza cu forma corecta a verbului din paranteze A fourteen-year-old boy _____ (leave) his home in Africa last month and ____ (go) to Britain. He _____ (leave) his family behind. His mother _____ (put) him on the plane. When he _____ (arrive) in London, he _____ (go) to a church hall in hackney, north London. After ten days he _____ (find) a relative and he _____ (move). He _____ (enter) a school and _____ start) English lessons.