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Este foarte important sa intelegem utilizarea si sensul timpurilor in limba engleza. Multe dintre aceste forme verbale nu au corespondent in limba romana. Mai mult, sensul exprimat de formele verbale in limba engleza nu corespunde intotdeauna cu cel utilizat in limba romana.
Prezentul:
1. Prezentul simplu
2. Prezentul continuu
3. Prezent perfect
4. Prezent perfect continuu
Trecutul:
5. Trecut simplu
6. Trecut continuu
Trecut perfect
8. Trecut perfect continuu
Viitorul:
9. Viitorul simplu
10. Viitorul continuu
11. Viitorul perfect
12. Viitorul perfect continuu
1.1. Forma
Prezentul simplu are forma de baza a verbului (write, work).
La persoana a III-a sg., forma de baza + -s (he writes, she
works).
Ex.: I play, you play, we play, they
play
He plays, she plays, it plays
Forma negativa se formeaza cu auxiliarul do:
Ex.: I do not drink tea.
She/he does not play football.
Forma interogativa:
Ex.: Do you work here?
Does she/he sing beautifully?
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1.2. Functii:
Actiuni obisnuite, care se intampla in prezent sau in mod regulat, dar nu
neaparat in momentul exact al vorbirii:
Ex.: Mina plays tennis every weekend.
The Post office opens at
Adevaruri sau realitati general acceptate:
Ex.: Some vegetarians eat fish but
they do not eat meat.
Winds carry weather balloons around the earth at the height of 24
kilometers.
Expresia opiniilor:
Ex.: I think
They believe everything they read.
Expresie a preferintelor:
Ex.: Lisette likes cats and dogs,
but she prefers cats.
Jim prefers maths to languages.
Se foloseste pentru a exprima asa numitul prezent istoric, facand
astfel referire la actiuni care s-au intamplat de fapt in trecut.
Ex.: We were watching the back door
when, all of a sudden, in walks Dierdre.
Dierdre tells me that she took her brother to the dentist.
Prezentul simplu poate avea valenta de viitor mai ales cu verbe
ca: arrive, come, leave care sugereaza evenimente planuite sau
programate:
Ex.: The train from
High tide is at
Expresii care semnaleaza frecvent actiunile obisnuite exprimate
prin prezentul simplu:
all the time, always, every classe, every day, every holiday, every hour,
every month, every semester, every week, every year, most of the time, never,
often, rarely, sometimes, usually
1.3. Conjugare
singular |
I walk |
you walk |
he/she/it walks |
plural |
we walk |
you walk |
they walk |
singular |
I sleep |
you sleep |
he/she/it sleeps |
plural |
we sleep |
you sleep |
they sleep |
singular |
I am |
you are |
he/she/it is |
plural |
we are |
you are |
they are |
Exemple:
I walk to work every day.
The
Dr. Espinoza operates according to her own schedule.
Coach Calhoun recruits from countries outside the U.S.A.
2.1. Forma
Acest timp se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar to be la prezent +
forma de baza a verbului + -ing (participiu prezent).
Ex.: I am buying all my
family's Christmas gifts early this year.
She is working through the holiday break.
Forma negativa - se adauga not dupa forma de prezent
simplu a auxiliarului to be.
Ex.: It is not raining.
Forma interogativa se obtine prin inversiunea auxiliarului to
be cu subiectul:
Ex.: Are they playing?
Is he eating?
2.2. Functii
Prezentul continuu indica: o actiune care se afla in plina desfasurare in
momentul vorbirii.
Ex.: The phone is ringing. I can't
answer it. I'm washing my hair.
It's raining so they have to stop the game.
O actiune care se afla in desfasurare in perioada prezenta, dar
care poate nu se intampla concomitent cu momentul vorbirii.
Ex.: They are writing a new book.
She's studying English at the
Descrie o tendinta sau actiune care a debutat recent:
Ex.: More and more people are
starting to play golf in
Pentru a desemna o actiune care este planificata pentru viitor:
Ex.: To meet the demand for English
language courses, they are planning to expand.
Mohan is leaving for
2.3. Verbele dinamice si statice
In general, numai anumite verbe pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu si acestea
se numesc verbe dinamice.
Aspectul continuu al unui verb arata ca o actiune este, era sau va fi in
desfasurare. Formele verbale progresive (aspectul continuu) se folosesc numai
in cazul verbelor dinamice, de miscare, care exprima calitati capabile de
schimbare.
Nu se spune 'He is being tall' sau 'He is resembling
his mother' sau 'I am wanting spaghetti for dinner',
ci vom spune: 'He is tall', 'He resembles his mother',
'I want spaghetti'.
Tabelul urmator descrie in detaliu diferentele dintre verbele statice si cele
dinamice:
VERBE DINAMICE
Verbe care exprima o activitate:
abandon, ask, beg, call, drink, eat, help, learn, listen, look at, play,
rain, read, say, slice, throw, whisper, work, write
Ex.: I am begging you. I was learning French. They will be playing upstairs.
Sensul este identic cu cel al formelor simple:
Ex.: I beg you. I learned French.
They will play upstairs.
Verbe care exprima procese:
change, deteriorate, growmature, slow down, widen
Ex.: The corn is growing rapidly. Traffic is
slowing down.
Sensul este identic cu cel al formelor simple:
Ex.: The corn grows rapidly. Traffic
slows down.
Verbe de perceptii senzoriale:
ache, feel, hurt, itch
Ex.: 'I feel bad' si 'I am feeling bad' au acelasi sens in acest caz.
Verbe care exprima actiuni tranzitive:
arrive, die, fall, land, leave, lose
Formele continue indica inceputul actiunii pe cand formele
temporale simple, din contra.
Ex.: She was falling out of bed
(when I caught her).
She falls out of bed every night.
Verbe exprimand actiuni momentane:
hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap
Formele continue indica durata scurta si sugereaza repetitia.
Ex.: She is hitting her brother.
He is jumping around the house.
VERBE STATICE
Verbe de perceptie, senzatie, activitate mentala:
abhor, adore, astonish, believe, desire, detest, dislike, doubt, feel, forgive,
guess, hate, hear, imagine, impress, intend, know, like, love, mean, mind,
perceive, please, prefer, presuppose, realize, recall, recognize, regard,
remember, satisfy, see, smell, suppose, taste, think, understand, want, wish
Ex.: I detest rudabaga, si nu I am
detesting rudabaga.
I prefer cinnamon toast, si nu I am preferring cinnamon
toast.
Verbe de relatie si posesie:
be, belong to, concern, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve,
equal, fit, have, include, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, own, possess,
require, resemble, seem, sound
Ex.: I am sick, si nu I am being sick.
I own ten acres of land, si nu I am owning ten acres.
My brother owes me ten dollars si nu My brother is owing
me ten dollars.
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2.4. Conjugare
singular |
I am walking |
you are walking |
he/she/it is walking |
plural |
we are walking |
you are walking |
they are walking |
singular |
I am sleeping |
you are sleeping |
he/she/it is sleeping |
plural |
we are sleeping |
you are sleeping |
they are sleeping |
singular |
I am being |
you are being |
he/she/it is being |
plural |
we are being |
you are being |
they are being |
Exemple:
The summer is passing too quickly.
Raoul is acting like his father.
Some football players are not being good role models for
youngsters.
Is he being good to you?
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